СИСТЕМЫ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ОЧИСТКИ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД
Keywords:
biological wastewater treatment; activated sludge; filamentous bacteria; SBR reactors; nitrification; denitrification; nitrogen removal; phosphorus removal; anammox processes; partial nitrification; sludge settling; sustainable development.Abstract
The article is dedicated to modern biological wastewater treatment systems and examines their structural features,
operational mechanisms, and development prospects. A classification of biological treatment processes is provided, including
continuous-flow systems and sequencing batch reactors (SBR), along with a discussion of their technological advantages and limitations.
The activated sludge process is analyzed in detail, including the formation of microbial communities and key operational challenges such as sludge bulking, foaming, and the impact of filamentous bacteria. Particular attention is paid to the removal of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), covering both conventional nitrification–denitrification methods and innovative technologies, such as partial nitrification, anammox processes, and CANON. Modern models for the monitoring and optimization of wastewater treatment plant operations are considered, based on the mathematical modeling of biological and hydrodynamic processes. In conclusion, the strengths and weaknesses of activated sludge systems, challenges related to the disposal of excess sludge, and the development prospects of the industry in the context of sustainable resource use, nutrient recovery, and the integration of treatment systems into biogeochemical cycles are discussed. The article emphasizes the need for a comprehensive, scientifically grounded approach to wastewater management and highlights the importance of biological methods in ensuring environmental safety and sustainable development.
